O’Keefe et al. reviewed the effect of specific dietary strategies on post-prandial glucose and lipid levels, inflammation and endothelial function, and cardiovascular function over the long-term.

Excessive intake of highly processed, high-caloric foods produce a surge in blood glucose and triglycerides that overwhelm the metabolic capabilities of the mitochondria in the muscle and adipose tissues. As a result, glucose and free fatty acids flood the Krebs cycle and superoxide anions (free radicals) are produced.

“This post-prandial oxidant stress acutely triggers atherogenic changes, including increases in low-density lipoprotein oxidation, sympathetic tone, vasoconstriction, and thrombogenicity

The review details the effect of the consumption of carbohydrates, nuts and oils, high-biological-quality protein and alcohol, as well as caloric restriction, weight loss, and exercise.

They concluded, a diet high in fibre and plant-based foods, that is minimally processed and has a low glycemic index can significantly dampen the post-meal increase in glucose and triglycerides. In contrast, calorie-dense diets made up of highly processed and nutrient poor foods, particularly when combined with a sedentary lifestyle and abdominal obesity, exaggerate post-prandial increases in glucose and lipids and increase cardiovascular risk.